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The Rational Optimist

Matt Ridley's case that trade and specialization, not intelligence, drove human progress

Ridley's claim is that prosperity comes from exchange between specialists rather than from any group getting smarter, and he runs the argument from prehistory to the present. Along the way he takes apart most standard accounts of decline. This is the popular-science end of his work. Readers usually meet it alongside Genome and The Red Queen. Critics say he applies the optimism unevenly, on climate in particular; supporters say the historical case for compounding trade holds either way.

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